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Henry's successor, Richard I "the Lion Heart", took part in the Third Crusade, and defended his French territories against Philip II of France. In the reign of Henry II, the king got some power back from the barony and the Church. An English cloth business was developed in the fifteenth century, allowing the English also to become wealthier. Medieval foreign policy was also shaped by relations with the Flemish cloth business. The nation's international economy was based on the wool trade, where wool from northern England was sold to the textile merchants of Flanders to make into cloth. England had more than enough cereals, dairy products, beef and mutton. In England, the Middle Ages was a time of war, civil war, rebellions from time to time, and many plots among the nobles and royalty. The use of the Anglo-Norman language by the aristocracy was kept up for centuries, and had a great influence on the development of Old English into Middle English. William and his nobles spoke, and held court, in Anglo-Norman, in Normandy as well as in England. William also ruled Normandy, then a powerful duchy in France. This was a survey of the entire population, and their lands and property, to help in collecting taxes. William ordered the Domesday Book to be written. The defeat of King Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings in 1066 against Duke William II of Normandy, later called William I of England, and the following Norman conquest of England caused important changes in the history of Britain. Picture of the Battle of Hastings (1066) on the Bayeux Tapestry Viking rule left traces in the English language - because Old English was already related to Old Norse, many Norse words began to be used in English at this time.Įngland during the Middle Ages One Viking settlement was at York, called Jorvik by the Vikings. Brezhoneg is still spoken in Brittany today.Īfter a time of raids, the Vikings also began to settle in England and to trade, eventually controlling an area called the Danelaw from the late 9th century. The name "Brittany" (from "Little Britain") arose at this time to tell the new Britain apart from "Great Britain". The Britons gave their new country its name and the Breton language, Brezhoneg, a sister language to Welsh and Cornish. The settlement (or invasion) of England is called the Saxon Conquest, or the Anglo-Saxon or English Conquest.įrom the 4th century AD, many Britons left to cross the English Channel from Wales, Cornwall and southern Britain, and started to settle the western part of Gaul ( Armorica), where they started a new nation: Brittany.
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The Romano-British population (the Britons) was assimilated. The influence of the Romans meant that the territory of England had already experienced unity before the Anglo-Saxons arrived.Īnglo-Saxon England Īnalysis of human bodies found at an ancient cemetery near Abingdon, England, shows that Saxon immigrants and native Britons lived side-by-side.
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The Romans later gave up on the province and left the Celtic people on their own as the Roman Empire began to fall apart. In 43 AD, Claudius successfully invaded England with 40,000 soldiers landing at Gaul at Richborough, Kent.įor hundreds of years, what is now England was a Roman province, Britannia. Coins, and later Roman historians, have given us the names of some of the rulers of the tribes, and what they did. He wrote in De Bello Gallico that there were many tribes there, very similar to other Celtic tribes in Europe. Julius Caesar invaded what is now England in 55 and 54 BC, as part of the Gallic Wars, and was defeated.
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Stonehenge, thought to have been built around 2000-2500 BCĪrchaeology shows that people came to southern England long before the rest of the British Isles, probably because of the friendly climate between and during the ice ages of long ago.